DAISIE Definitions

Acclimatization (Elvira 2001)

Living in the wild in an alien environment or climate with the support of and dependent on man

Acclimatized (Copp et al., 2005)

Species (or taxon) that are able to complete part or most of their life cycle in the wild in an alien environment or climate, but are unable to reproduce and sustain a population without the support of humans.

Adventive (Walker 1989)

Not permanently established in a given habitat or area.

Adventive (Lawrence 1995)

Not native, organism in a new habitat but not completely established there.

Adventive (Lincoln et al 1998)

Not native; an organism transported into a new habitat, whether by natural means or by the agency of man.

Adventive (Elvira 2001)

An introduced species which is not as yet established in the wild

Alien (Walker 1989)

Believed on good evidence to have been introduced by man and now more or less naturalized

Alien (Lawrence 1995)

Plant species thought to have been introduced by man but now more or less naturalized.

Alien (Lincoln et al 1998)

Non-native, a species occurring in an area to which it is not native

Alien (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

An organism, inclusive of parts, gametes or propagules that may survive and subsequently reproduce, occurring outside of its known or consensual range (as documented in scientific publications). Synonymous or partially synonymous with: adventive, allochthonous, colonist, exotic, foreign, immigrant, introduced, invader, invasive, neozoan, neozoon, non-indigenous, nonnative, translocated.

Alien (Elvira 2001)

See Exotic

Alien (exotic) (Martin & Hines 2000)

A species or organism that is not native to a locality, having been moved there from its natural range by humans or other agents. An alien that establishes a self sustaining wild population is described as naturalized, whereas one that depends on continual introduction is termed a casual.

Alien invasive species (IUCN 2000. IUCN 2002)

An alien species which becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitat, is an agent of change, and threatens native biological diversity.

Alien plants (Pyšek et al. 2004)

Plant taxa in a given area whose presence there is due to intentional or unintentional human involvement, or which have arrived there without the help of people from an area in which they are alien.

Alien species (FAO 2002)

A species occurring in an area outside its historically known natural range as a result of intentional or accidental dispersal by human activities. Also known as introduced species.

Alien species (non-native, non-indigenous, foreign, exotic) (IUCN 2000. IUCN 2002)

A species, subspecies, or lower taxon occurring outside of its natural range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or could not occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans) and includes any part, gametes or propagule of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce.

Allochthonous (Allaby 1994)

Not indigenous, acquired. Applied to material which did not originate in its present position.

Allochthonous (Lawrence 1995)

Species that has originated elsewhere, exotic; not aboriginal.

Allochthonous (Lincoln et al. 1998)

Exogenous, originating outside and transported into a given system or area; non-native, xenogenous, ectogenous.

Allochthonous (Allaby 1999)

Pertaining to an individual or object which originates somewhere other than the place where it is found.

Allochthonous (Martin & Hines 2000)

Describing an organism that originates from a place other than that in which it is found. The organism is usually a transient member of the community.

Allochthonous (Elvira 200)

See Exotic.

Autochthonous (Elvira 2001)

See Native

Biopollution (Elliott, 2003)

Effects of introduced, invasive species sufficient to disturb an individual (internal biological pollution by parasites or pathogens), a population (by genetic change) or a community (by increasing or decreasing the species complement); including the production of adverse economic consequences” were defined as biological pollution (biopollution).

Biopollution (Modified from Elliott, 2003 - Olenin et al., 2007)

The impacts of alien invasive species sufficient to disturb ecological quality by efects on: an individual (internal biological pollution by parasites or pathogens), a population (by genetic change, i.e. hybridization),a community (by structural shift), a habitat (by modification of physical-chemical conditions), an ecosystem (by alteration of energy and organic material flow).The biological and ecological effects of biopollution may also cause adverse economic consequences.

Captive conditions (Copp et al., 2005)

Refers to controlled and isolated circumstances such as research facilities, private indoor aquaria, private garden ponds outside a river ÿood plain, enclosed hatcheries and ÿsh farms, zoological gardens/parks.

Casual (Copp et al., 2005)

A taxon (species, sub-species, race or variety) that is introduced, unable to sustain its presence, despite the ability to reproduce in the novel environment, without human intervention (i.e. through stocking).

Casual alien plants (Pyšek et al., 2004)

Alien plants that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally outside cultivation in an area, but that eventually die out because they do not form self-replacing populations, and rely on repeated introductions for their persistence

Colonization (Elvira 2001)

See Naturalization.

Contaminant (Hulme et al., in prep.)

Alien species unintentionally transported into a region with a commodity (including ballast materials), enters wild via redistribution of commodity within region e.g. parasites, pests, pathogens and commensals of traded plants and animals.

Cryptogenic (Carlton, 1996)

Species of unknown origin which can not be ascribed as being native or alien

Escape (Hulme et al., in prep.)

Alien species intentionally transported into a region as a commodity but unintentionally escapes into the wild from “captivity” e.g. feral crops and livestock, pets, garden plants, live baits.

Established (EPA 2001)

A species with one or more successfully reproducing or breeding (i.e., permanent) populations in an open ecosystem, which are unlikely to be eliminated by man or natural causes. Synonym: naturalized.

Established alien (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

An alien that is reproducing in the wild and has established a durable population outside its natural range.

Established species (Elvira 2001)

A species with existing naturally reproductive populations.

Establishment (Elvira 2001)

See Naturalization.

Exotic (Walker 1989)

Non native, ecdemic.

Exotic (Lawrence 1995)

A foreign plant or animal which has not acclimatized or naturalized. Introduced plants and animals not native to the country and thought to have been brought in by man.

Exotic (Lincoln et al., 1998)

Non-native, alien, foreign; an organism or species that has been introduced into an area.

Exotic (Elvira 2001)

A species native to an area outside of, or foreign to, the geographic area under discussion. An introduced species.

Exotic species (Allaby 1994)

An introduced, non-native species.

Exotic species (Allaby 1999)

Introduced, non-native species.

Exotic species (UNEP 2004)

An organism that exists in the free state in an area but is not native to that area. Also refers to animals from outside the country in which they are held in captive or free-ranging populations.

Exotic species (FAO 2002)

A species which is not native to the region in which it occurs. See also alien species introduced species.

Feral (Elvira 2001)

A species that has reverted to the wild from domestication. The term “feral” should never be used to describe the naturalization of a wild species.

Freewheeler (Hulme et al., in prep.)

Alien species unintentionally transported into a region through human infrastructures linking previously unconnected, biogeographical or political regions e.g. Lessepsian migrants, Ponto-Caspian aliens in Baltic.

Hitchhiker (Hulme et al., in prep.)

Alien species unintentionally transported into a region often attached to or within a transport vector such as vehicle, aircraft or ship, entry into the wild depends on transport patterns e.g. hull fouling organisms.

Hybridization (Elvira 2001)

The process of interbreeding between two different species, either in the wild or under artificial conditions.

Immigrant (Hulme et al., in prep.)

Alien species established in the wild in one region (as a result of one or more of the other pathways) but enters a new region trough natural dispersal across political or biogeographical borders e.g. migrant waterfowl.

Indigenous (Elvira 2001)

See Native.

Indigenous (native) species (ICES 2003)

A species or lower taxon living within its natural range (past or present) including the area which it can reach and occupy using its natural dispersal systems. (modified after CBD, GISP).

Indigenous or native (CSIROnline 2004. APEC 2002)

Species that would be present without human interventions.

Intentional introduction (IUCN 2000. IUCN 2002)

An introduction made deliberately by humans, involving the purposeful movement of a species outside of its natural range and dispersal potential. (Such introductions may be authorised or unauthorised).

Intentional introduction (CSIROnline 2004. APEC 2002)

The knowing import or introduction of non-indigenous species into, or transplant through, an area or ecosystem where it was not previously established.

Intentional introduction (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

The deliberate transfer of alien organisms (may be combined with a vector, i.e. intentional mariculture introduction).

Introduced alien (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

An alien occurring outside its native range as a consequence of intentional or unintentional human action.

Introduced species (FAO 2002)

An established species not native to the ecosystem, region or country. See also alien species exotic species.

Introduced species (Elvira 2001)

See Exotic.

Introduced species (non-indigenous species, exotic species) (ICES 2003)

Any species transported intentionally or accidentally by a human-mediated vector into aquatic habitats outside its native range. Note: Secondary introductions can be transported by human-mediated or natural vectors.

Introduction (IUCN 2000. IUCN 2002)

The movement, by human agency, of a species, subspecies, or lower taxon (including any part, gametes or propagule that might survive and subsequently reproduce) outside its natural range (past or present). This movement can be either within a country or between countries.

Introduction (Elvira 2001)

The deliberate or accidental release of a species into a region in which it is not known to have occurred within historic times. The movement by man, whether deliberate or accidental, of living organisms to a new location outside their recent geographic range.

Introduction or translocation (CSIROnline 2004. APEC 2002)

The human assisted movement of an animal to an area outside its natural range.

Introgression (Elvira 2001)

The entry or introduction of a gene from one gene complex (pool) into another.

Invasive (CSIROnline 2004. APEC 2002)

An alien species that becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitat, is an agent of change, and threatens native biological diversity.

Invasive (Elvira 2001)

An introduced species, not necessarily one that has had a negative ecological impact.

Invasive alien (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

An alien whose population has undergone an exponential growth stage and is rapidly extending its range.

Invasive plants (Pyšek et al., 2004)

Invasive plants are a subset of naturalized plants that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at considerable distances from the parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread over a large area.

Invasive species (EPA 2001)

A species that threatens the diversity or abundance of native species; the ecological stability of infested ecosystems; economic activities (e.g., agricultural, aquacultural, commercial, or recreational) dependent on these ecosystems; and/or human health. Synonyms: harmful, injurious, invader, noxious, nuisance, pest, and weed.

Maintained species (Elvira 2001)

A species that must be maintained artificially (no natural reproduction) in the environment into which it was introduced or transferred.

Native (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

An organism occurring within its known or consensual range (as documented in scientific publications). Synonymous with: autochthonous, indigenous.

Native (Elvira 2001)

A species that is a member of the natural biotic community.

Native plants (Pyšek et al., 2004)

Taxa that have originated in a given area without human involvement or that have arrived there without intentional or unintentional intervention of humans from an area in which they are native.

Native species (FAO 2002)

Plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms that occur naturally in a given area or region.

Naturalization (Elvira 2001)

The introduction of species to regions where they were not indigenous, but in which they may flourish under the same conditions as those that are native. More particularly, the establishment of self-maintaining and self-perpetuating populations unsupported by and independent of man of an introduced species in a free-living state in the wild.

Naturalized (Walker 1989)

Introduced from another region but growing, reproducing and maintaining itself in competition with the native vegetation.

Naturalized (Allaby 1994)

Applied to a species that was originally imported from another country but now behaves like a native in that it maintains itself without further human intervention and has invaded native communities.

Naturalized (Lawrence 1995)

Alien species that have become successfully established.

Naturalized (Lincoln et al. 1998)

Used of an alien or introduced species that has become successfully established.

Naturalized plants (Pyšek et al., 2004)

Alien plants that sustain self-replacing populations for at least 10 years without direct intervention by people (or in spite of human intervention) by recruitment from seed or ramets (tillers, tubers, bulbs, fragments, etc.) capable of independent growth.

Neobiota (Neobiota 2000)

Non-native plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms - "new species" that can threaten the biodiversity of existing native species, alter the structure and function of ecosystems and can eventually cause severe economic and human health problems.

Neozoon (Nehring & Leuchs, 1999)

An animal species, that reached, after the year 982 AD (first introduction of American organisms in Europe; trans-Atlantic cruise of Eric the Red), under direct or indirect anthropogenic involvement, a specific area and has lived there wildly for at least three generations (= established reproduction community) or over a longer period (at least 25 years) up to now (etymology: neo = new, zoon = animal; plural: neozoa)

Neozoon incertum (Nehring & Leuchs, 1999)

In the case of species where direct or indirect anthropogenic involvement for occurrence (e.g. in the area probably always existent), and/or the current setup of a reproducing population is to be strongly doubted, the term “incertum” is applied (etymology: neo = new, zoon = animal, incertum = uncertain; plural: neozoa incerta).

Neozoon simulatum (Nehring & Leuchs, 1999)

A non-indigenous animal species that appears without recognizable connection with human activities in the appropriate area and also reproduces (= natural expansion of the area). (etymology: neo = new, zoon = animal, simulatum = apparent; plural: neozoa simulata).

Non-indigenous species (EPA 2001)

Any individual, group, or population of a species, or other viable biological material, that is intentionally or unintentionally moved by human activities, beyond its natural range or natural zone of potential dispersal, including moves from one continent or country into another and moves within a country or region; includes all domesticated and feral species, and all hybrids except for naturally occurring crosses between indigenous species. Synonyms: alien, immigrant, introduced, and non-native.

Non-indigenous, alien, exotic, introduced or adventive (CSIROnline 2004. APEC 2002)

Species that have been transported by human activities—intentionally or unintentionally—into a region in which they did not occur in historical time and are now reproducing in the wild.

Noxious alien (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

An alien that poses a risk to the wellbeing of humans. Synonymous with: nuisance, weed, pest.

Reintroduction (Elvira 2001)

The deliberate release by man of a species into a geographic area in which it was indigenous in historic times but where it subsequently became extinct.

Release (Hulme et al., in prep.)

Alien species intentionally transported into a region as a commodity for the purpose of releasing into the wild e.g. biocontrol agents, game animals, land reclamation.

Restocking (Elvira 2001)

The deliberate release by man of a species into an area where it already occurs, with the intention of augmenting the existing population of that species.

Secondary introduction (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

The dispersal of an alien beyond its primary location of introduction; secondary introduction could be intentional, unintentional, or by natural means.

Spreading alien (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

An alien that has extended its range as a result of changing environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, current regime), or by chance events, such as the attachment to drifting objects and phoresy.

Stocking (Elvira 2001)

The repeated injection of individuals of a species into an ecosystem from one external to it. Stocked species may either be already native to the recipient water body or may be exotic to it.

Transfer (Elvira 2001)

The deliberate or accidental movement by man of individuals of a species within its geographic range.

Transferred species (Elvira 2001)

A species deliberately or accidentally transported and released within its geographic range.

Transferred species (ICES 2003)

Any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released within areas of established populations and continuing genetic flow where it occurs.

Transformers (Pyšek et al., 2004)

A subset of invasive plants (not necessarily alien) that change the character, condition, form or nature of ecosystems over a substantial area. (Substantial means relative to the extent of that ecosystem).

Translocation (Elvira 2001)

The deliberate or accidental movement by man of a species from an area where it is established, as either native or alien, to another area within the same national geographic range.

Transplantation (Elvira 2001)

See Translocation.

Transplanted species (ICES 2003)

See Transferred species.

Unestablished alien (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

An alien lacking selfmaintaining populations outside its natural range, either because it were unable so far to settle, or is too newly arrived.

Unintentional introduction (IUCN 2000. IUCN 2002)

An unintended introduction made as a result of a species utilising humans or human delivery systems as vectors for dispersal outside its natural range.

Unintentional introduction (CSIROnline 2004. APEC 2002)

An introduction of non-indigenous species that occurs as a result of activities other than purposeful or intentional introduction of the species involved, such as the transport of non-indigenous species in ballast or in water used to transport fish, molluscs or crustaceans for aquaculture or other purpose. Involved is the release, often unknowingly, of non-indigenous organisms without any specific purpose.

Unintentional introduction (Occhipinti-Ambrogi & Galil, 2004)

The inadvertent or accidental transfer of alien organisms (may be combined with a vector, i.e. unintentional shipping introduction, unintentional mariculture introduction).

Weeds (Pyšek et al., 2004)

Plants (not necessarily alien) that grow in sites where they are not wanted and which have detectable economic or environmental impact or both.

Xenodiversity (Leppäkoski & Olenin, 2000, Reise et al., 2006)

Structural and functional diversity caused by nonindigenous species that effects various levels of biological organization: genetic, population, community and habitat/ecosystem.